English as an international language (EIL) is considered by applied linguists to be a new paradigm for research, practice and English language teaching (ELT). However, it appears that English language teachers have little voice in these discussions, and the English as a foreign language (EFL) classroom has remained largely unaffected by EIL, hinging upon the native speaker (NS) ideal. This is hardly surprising as insufficient attention has been devoted to EIL pedagogy, and to helping teachers integrate theoretical understandings of EIL into their teaching. This paper aims to address this gap by examining EFL teachers’ (non-native speakers-NNS) perspectives on the implications of EIL for classroom practice. Through an analysis of data gathered from an online questionnaire and 10 semistructured interviews, this study examined the attitudes of 53 EFL teachers working in Croatian public schools towards: a) the EIL paradigm, b) NS/NNS models in ELT, and c) the implications of EIL for language teaching. The findings show that although the teachers are familiar with and open to the notion of EIL, when conceptualized as a paradigm for teaching, it becomes a rather elusive concept, and a second best NNS English. Overall, the teachers are largely unaware of the potential of EIL for ELT, and rely on the NS as the benchmark and authority. They maintain that the EIL theory-ELT practice link is complex and difficult to operationalise. It is argued that, if EIL is to become a new paradigm for teaching, greater collaboration is required between applied linguists and ELF teachers, and explicit guidelines are needed to help teachers integrate EIL into ELT.

This paper aims at shedding light on the concept of postmodernism, and its implications in the TESOL. Postmodern philosophy as a prevalent concept and a hot buzzword in philosophy, science, and art is believed to have influenced the TESOL theoretically in some ways. The elements of postmodernism including: constructivism, subjectivism, relativism, localism, and pragmatism are found to have been applied in the TESOL to the concept of the demise of the methods, more focus on styles, strategies, and multiple intelligences, chaos/complexity theory and critical theories. But in practice, in developing countries the TESOL still lives in the modern era.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of informal English language teaching in childhood on English knowledge and attitude towards English language in adulthood. The research design was of a causal-comparative nature. The statistical population included all the first-year undergraduate students of Islamic Azad Universities who had been studying humanities in the academic year of 2015-2016. A sample size of 200 students was selected by multistage cluster sampling method. The research tools were English knowledge test and attitude questionnaire which were developed by the researcher. Statistical analyses using MANOVA was implemented. Findings revealed that the informal English language teaching in childhood, as compared to its absence, leads to more English knowledge and improves attitude towards the English language in adulthood. Based on the obtained results, it is recommended that English language learning should not only start at an earlier age but it should also and be taught informally.

The polite listener In England stares at the speaker attentively and blinks his eyes occasionally as a sign of interest. That eye-blink says nothing to Americans, who expect the listener to nod or to murmur something such as "mm - hmm”. And in some parts of  Far East, it is impolite to look at the other person at all during conversation.It is often argued that, in teaching foreign languages, culture and language are interwoven in a way that it is not possible to present language without its culture. However, until a new method of teaching language, called communicative approach, which is sociolinguistically oriented, had not come into existence, this belief was not used to be observed in textbooks and language classes. This method intends to create situations in the classroom in which foreign language can be used as naturally and authentically as the native speakers of target language use it for communicative purposes.The problem of teaching culture, nevertheless, does not end here. Nowadays, foreign languages are taught with different and varied objectives. Is it necessary for all foreign language learners to get familiar with the culture of foreign language they are supposed to learn? As Schumann (1984) claims, is it true that second language learning is impossible, unless one gives up his/her own native culture and adopts the culture of foreign language community? What are some relevant issues regarding teaching English in Iran? These are actually some basic questions raised in this article. Whereas definite answers are not necessarily provided in this paper, some areas of research related to culture, and teaching foreign language are put forward.

Introduction: Anxiety has long been a crucial factor affecting second language acquisition. The present study sought to idenify and evaluate the effective factors of listening anxiety and English language classroom anxiety, which can have influence on students’ English language academic performance.Methods: The sample population included all the female students in the age range of 13 to 18 years old studying in Shokouh language institutes located in Sari, Ghaemshahr, Babol, Babolsar, and Amirkola in the summer trimester of 2016, out of which a sample of 545 language learners was selected through multi-stage random sampling. To collect the data, Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale, Foreign Language Listening Anxiety Scale and Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory were used and to assess the students’ English academic performance, their final scores was used.Results: Findings indicated the negative and significant correlation between the components of English language class anxiety, listening anxiety and academic performance in the English language lesson (p<0.01). Also step-wise regression showed these variables explained 41% of the changes of academic performance. Given the Betta coefficients, tension and worry over English listening had the highest predictive power for academic performance.Conclusion: Considering the effective factors of tension and worry over listening, fear of negative evaluation, concern about insufficient prior knowledge, lack of self confidence hinder learners' attempts to achieve academic success, training plans and various exercises should be performed to control and decrease important factors of students’ anxiety in English language class and anxiety in listening skill.

This article aims at shedding light on the concept of postmodernism, and its implications in TESOL. Postmodern philosophy as a prevalent concept and a hot buzzword in philosophy, science, and art is believed to have influenced TESOL theoretically in some ways. The elements of postmodernism including: constructivism, subjectivism, relativism, localism, and pragmatism are found to have been applied in TESOL to the concept of the demise of the methods, more focus on styles, strategies, multiple intelligences, chaos/complexity theory and critical theories. But in practice, in Iran TESOL still lives in the modem era.